Repr0ductive system & evolution

The test is electronically monitored, any exit from the test is considered as cheating trail, if you use a mobile phone keep it lighted to avoid losing points.

A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses.
B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum.
C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall.
D) swept into the fallopian tube.
E) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus.

 Sperm cells are stored within human males in the

A) urethra.
B) prostate.
C) epididymis.
D) seminal vesicles.
E) bulbourethral gland.

 Human sperm cells first arise in the

A) prostate gland.
B) vas deferens.
C) seminiferous tubules.
D) epididymis.
E) Sertoli cells.

 Most of the noncellular fluid in ejaculated human semen is composed of

A) the secretions of the seminiferous tubules.
B) the secretions of the bulbourethral glands.
C) the secretions of the prostate gland.
D) anticoagulant enzymes.
E) the secretions of the seminal vesicles.

 Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that

A) they both have the same number of chromosomes.
B) they are approximately the same size.
C) they each have a flagellum that provides motility.
D) they are produced from puberty until death.
E) they are formed before birth.

 In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are

A) menstrual → ovulation → luteal.
B) follicular → luteal → secretory.
C) menstrual → proliferative → secretory.
D) follicular → ovulation → luteal.
E) proliferative → luteal → ovulation.

 A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is

A) testosterone.
B) estradiol.
C) progesterone.
D) follicle-stimulating hormone.
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

 Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of

A) LH.
B) progesterone.
C) inhibin.
D) prolactin.
E) estradiol.

 Prior to ovulation, the primary steroid hormone secreted by the growing follicle is

A) LH.
B) FSH.
C) inhibin.
D) GnRH.
E) estradiol.

 The hormone progesterone is produced

A) in the pituitary and acts directly on the ovary.
B) in the uterus and acts directly on the pituitary.
C) in the ovary and acts directly on the uterus.
D) in the pituitary and acts directly on the uterus.
E) in the uterus and acts directly on the pituitary.

 What is the embryo-produced hormone that maintains progesterone and estrogen secretion by the corpus luteum through the first trimester of pregnancy?

A) luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) progesterone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

 Human fertility drugs taken by women increase the chance of multiple births, probably because they

A) enhance implantation opportunities.
B) stimulate the development of many ovarian follicles.
C) mimic progesterone action in the uterus.
D) stimulate steroidogenesis.
E) delay parturition.

 For lactation to take place, the synthesis of breast milk and its release from the mammary gland, respectively, are caused by

A) testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.
B) estrogen and progesterone.
C) cortisol and testosterone.
D) prolactin and oxytocin.
E) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.

 Imagine that a woman is in the final week of her pregnancy. Her doctor gives her an injection of oxytocin. The likely result of this is that the pregnant woman would

A) undergo the loss of oxytocin receptors from her uterine smooth muscle cells.
B) stop secreting prostaglandins from the placenta.
C) undergo vigorous contractions of her uterine muscles.
D) increase the synthesis and secretion of progesterone.
E) be prevented from lactation.

 Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during

A) the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle.
B) the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.
C) the end of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
D) the period just before ovulation.
E) the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.

 What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

A) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.
B) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations gradually change.
C) Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change.
D) Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging.
E) Earth is millions of years old, and populations gradually change.

 During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

A) Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.
B) Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits.
C) Only favorable adaptations have survival value.
D) Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.
E) If the giraffes did not have to compete with each other, longer necks would not have been passed on to the next generation.

 Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in the vicinity of Paris?

A) extinction of species yes; evolution of new species yes
B) extinction of species no; evolution of new species yes
C) extinction of species yes; evolution of new species no
D) extinction of species no; evolution of new species yes

 In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of

A) Cuvier.
B) Hutton.
C) Lamarck.
D) Darwin.
E) Lyell.

 Natural selection is based on all of the following except

A) genetic variation exists within populations.
B) the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring.
C) individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young.
D) populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support.
E) individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.

 Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

A) genetic variation among individuals
B) variation among individuals caused by environmental factors
C) sexual reproduction
D) Three of the responses are correct.
E) Two of the responses are correct.

 If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement?

A) If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.
B) If an individual's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring.
C) If an individual acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will be the result.
D) A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete will, if perpetuated, produce a new species within just two generations.

 The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered to be an example of artificial selection because

A) humans purposefully raise MRSA in large fermenters in an attempt to make the bacteria ever-more resistant.
B) S. aureus is cultivated by humans to replenish the soil with nutrients.
C) humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin.
D) Humans are becoming resistant to bacteria by taking methicillin.

 Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?

A) cartilage in the dorsal fin of a shark
B) bones in the hind limb of a kangaroo
C) chitinous struts in the wing of a butterfly
D) bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish
E) bones in the flipper of a whale

 If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that

A) they live in very different habitats.
B) they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.
C) their chromosomes should be very similar.
D) they shared a common ancestor relatively recently.
E) they should be members of the same genus.

 Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?

A) by identifying the bones as being homologous structures
B) by the principle of convergent evolution
C) by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor
D) Three of the statements above are correct.
E) Two of the statements above are correct.

 Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?

A) All organisms require energy.
B) All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.
C) All organisms reproduce.
D) All organisms show heritable variation.
E) All organisms have undergone evolution.

 Both ancestral birds and ancestral mammals shared a common ancestor that was terrestrial. Today, penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the flippers of penguins and seals?

A) homologous; homologous
B) analogous; homologous
C) homologous; analogous
D) analogous; analogous

 Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are

A) homologous.
B) examples of convergent evolution.
C) adaptations to a common environment.
D) Three of the responses above are correct.
E) Two of the responses above are correct.

A) determine who lives and who dies.
B) create the genetic variants, which nature then selects.
C) choose which organisms breed, and which do not.
D) train organisms to breed more successfully.
E) perform artificial insemination